韓国人のみのバリアンツ
【以下の内容は、いきなり英語で書いたものを自分で日本語に再度直訳したものです。 英語原文は、をご覧ください】ヒトのパーソナリティー(即ち性格と気質)は、遺伝的要素及び環境的要素の影響を受けた精神的健康に関連する複雑な特性である。 過去数十年の努力にもかかわらず、その遺伝的背景は特定されはじめたばかりです。
明確なデータ事実_1から判断すれば、韓国人は ”頭おかしい” かもしれません。しかし、揶揄は別として、 下のリストは、以下の集団遺伝学論文による韓国人に固有のSNV-1リストの一部です
Whole genome sequencing of 35 individuals provides insights into the genetic architecture of Korean population
Wenqian Zhang et al.
Published: 21 October 2014
additional_file_7 xlsx
SNV=一塩基バリアンツ(配列多様体)
上の論文における略語は次のとおり
KPGP=韓国パーソナルゲノムプロジェクト
1KGP=1000 ゲノムプロジェクト
SNV-1=(サンプルである)35名の韓国人の少なくとも1名にSNV(一塩基バリアンツ)として検出されたが、HapMap 又は 1KGP のいずれにおいても含まれないもの
SNV-35=(サンプルである)35名の韓国人全てににSNV(一塩基バリアンツ)として検出されたが)、HapMap 又は 1KGP のいずれにおいても含まれないもの
SNV-1/ns-SNV-1中の非同義のSNV-1
SNV-35/ns=SNV-35中の非同義のSNV-35
上の論文における略語は次のとおり
KPGP=韓国パーソナルゲノムプロジェクト
1KGP=1000 ゲノムプロジェクト
SNV-1=(サンプルである)35名の韓国人の少なくとも1名にSNV(一塩基バリアンツ)として検出されたが、HapMap 又は 1KGP のいずれにおいても含まれないもの
SNV-35=(サンプルである)35名の韓国人全てににSNV(一塩基バリアンツ)として検出されたが)、HapMap 又は 1KGP のいずれにおいても含まれないもの
SNV-1/ns-SNV-1中の非同義のSNV-1
SNV-35/ns=SNV-35中の非同義のSNV-35
留意してほしいのは、公式にはその事実を否定しつつも上記論文は実際にはFDA(アメリカ食品医薬品局)によって書かれたという点です。
上の論文は、ネイチャーやサイエンスなどの有名科学誌には提出されなかったが、この論文は2014年3月アメリカオークランドでの学会で発表された
上の論文の著者は次のとおり。Heng Luo 以外の全ての著者は、FDAの研究者又はプログラミング技術者であった。
(この論文が出された時、Heng Luoはアーカンソー大学の大学院生であったが、現在はFDA研究者)
Wenqian Zhang(FDA)
Joe Meehan(FDA, Ph.D.)
Zhenqiang Su(FDA)
Hui Wen Ng(FDA)
Mao Shu(FDA)
Heng Luo(graduate student )
Weigong Ge(FDA)
Roger Perkins
Weida Tong(FDA, Ph.D.)
Huixiao Hong(FDA, Ph.D.)
[上記集団遺伝学論文から引用された]
記事内容は、専ら著者の責任であり、必ずしもFDAアメリカ食品医薬品局の公式見解を表すものではありません
開示
この記事における発見(内容)と結論は、アメリカ食品医薬品局によって公式に情報配布されたものではなく、FDAの決定(事項)又は政策であると解されるべきではありません
告示
この記事の出版費用は、アメリカ政府によって負担されます
Abbreviations
SCZ=統合失調症,
ASD=自閉症スペクトラム症候群,
ADHD=注意欠如・多動症
BPD= 双極性障害,
MDD=うつ病,
OCD=強迫性障害,
Alz=アルツハイマー病 ,
Education=教育到達度,
gF=認知機能全般
all= 知性
SCZ=統合失調症,
ASD=自閉症スペクトラム症候群,
ADHD=注意欠如・多動症
BPD= 双極性障害,
MDD=うつ病,
OCD=強迫性障害,
Alz=アルツハイマー病 ,
Education=教育到達度,
gF=認知機能全般
all= 知性
1.下のリストすべてが正しいと誤解しないでください。何故なら他の論文が別の又は異なる結果を示しているかもしれないからです。 万一、あなたが結果を否定する論文を知っていれば、 私に連絡して下さい
2. 異常な結果を示している下のリストをよく考えてください。そしてあなたが韓国人で下のリストに文句(難癖)があれば、誹謗中傷なしで証拠や論文名と共に 私に通知せよ。 遺憾ながら、下の遺伝学論文は、”頭おかしい韓国人”を示している
【”頭おかしい韓国人”の英語原文は、"insane Koreans"です、insaneは、まともじゃない・正気ではない・精神的にみて異常 等々の日本語の語感に最も近い英語であると考えますが、 もっと良い英語表現があれば、 教えてください】
遺伝子名 疾病遺伝子候補 |
SNV-1の数 | SNV-1/nsの数 | 精神障害 精神的形質 神経精神疾患 |
PRIM2 | 5033 | 10 | 不眠症 paper[86] |
CSMD1 | 1786 | 1 | 統合失調症 paper[9],paper[52] |
snoU13 | 1731 | 1 | うつ病, 不眠症 paper[43] |
PDE4DIP | 1374 | 14 | 頭脳,paper[4] うつ病,paper[91] |
RBFOX1 | 1272 | 0 | 知性 paper[5] |
PTPRN2 | 1224 | 2 | うつ病 paper[6] |
KMT2C | 1091 | 3 | 双極性障害
paper[7] |
PTPRD | 1084 | 1 | 強迫性障害 paper[8] |
LINC00842 | 1008 | 1 | 0 |
CNTNAP2 | 940 | 2 | 統合失調症 paper[10] |
ROBO2 | 932 | 1 | >統合失調症、うつ病D paper [13] |
ZNF717 | 859 | 28 | 知的障害, paper[14] 神経精神症候群, paper[93] 頭脳,paper[94] , |
CROCC | 844 | 5 | Rett症候群 paper[39] |
AF146191.4 | 800 | 2 | 0 |
LSAMP | 800 | 0 | 自殺の病因 paper[15] |
WWOX | 797 | 0 | 精神薄弱
paper[81] |
DLG2 | 789 | 0 | 統合失調症
paper[5] |
GUSBP1 | 760 | 1 | 0 |
EYS | 759 | 2 | 統合失調症 paper[5] |
ANKRD30BL | 730 | 3 | 0 |
MACROD2 | 693 | 2 | 双極性障害 paper[5] |
DPP6 | 681 | 0 | 神経発達障害 paper[89] |
LRP1B | 677 | 2 | 認知機能全般 paper[5] |
TPTE | 664 | 9 | 0 |
ANKRD36C | 653 | 23 | 0 |
PCDH15 | 645 | 5 | 統合失調症,自閉症スペクトラム症候群 paper[82] |
FHIT | 642 | 0 | 統合失調症 paper[5] |
LINC00969 | 640 | 6 | paper[57] 統合失調症 |
KCNJ12 | 626 | 16 | paper[58] スミス・マゲニス症候群 |
BAGE2 | 618 | 3 | 0 |
UPK3B | 608 | 1 | 0 |
CTNNA3 | 605 | 0 | 自閉症スペクトラム症候群 paper[79] |
NRXN3 | 602 | 1 | 神経精神障害 paper[80] |
CDH13 | 600 | 0 | 自閉症スペクトラム症候群, 統合失調症, うつ病, 注意欠如・多動症 paper[16],paper[64] |
SGCZ | 582 | 0 | うつ病傾向 paper[73] |
CNTN5 | 568 | 2 | 自殺傾向 paper[74] |
PARK2 | 568 | 1 | パーソナリティー全般 paper[75] |
MAP2K3 | 564 | 5 | 精神障害全般 paper[76] |
CCSER1 | 564 | 2 | アルコール依存症 paper[77] |
AC007682.1 | 562 | 1 | 0 |
GRID2 | 561 | 1 | メンタルストレス paper[78] |
CTNNA2 | 553 | 0 | 教育到達度
paper[5] |
DAB1 | 528 | 0 | 精神薄弱 paper[44] |
GPC5 | 527 | 1 | 認知機能 paper[45] |
NAALADL2 | 519 | 0 | 自閉症スペクトラム症候群 paper[46] |
MAGI2 | 506 | 1 |
統合失調症,うつ病[paper[47], パーソナリティー[paper[75] |
DPP10 | 505 | 0 | 注意欠如・多動症 paper[48] |
PDE4D | 503 | 14 | 強迫性障害 paper[49] |
KCNIP4 | 497 | 0 | パーソナリティー障害,注意欠如・多動症 paper[50] |
CNTN4 | 485 | 1 | 統合失調症 paper[40] |
TBC1D5 | 478 | 0 | paper[51] 双極性障害 |
AGBL4 | 474 | 2 | paper[52] 認知能力 |
ASIC2 | 471 | 0 | paper[52] 統合失調症 |
CADM2 | 471 | 1 | 知性 paper[38] 認知機能と教育到達度 paper[88] |
CDH12 | 469 | 0 | 統合失調症,双極性障害,うつ病 paper[24] |
ZDHHC11 | 468 | 4 | 0 |
ADARB2 | 468 | 0 | paper[53] 自閉症スペクトラム症候群 |
DCC | 467 | 2 | 認知機能全般 paper[5] |
GALNTL6 | 459 | 0 | 0 |
ANKRD36 | 458 | 23 | アルコール依存症 paper[54] |
CDH4 | 457 | 0 | 統合失調症 paper[25] |
PRR4 | 457 | 1 | 統合失調症 paper[55] |
LRRC4C | 448 | 0 | 拒食症 paper[5] |
MIR4435-1HG | 445 | 0 | 0 |
LINC00960 | 443 | 4 | 統合失調症 paper[56] |
SLC9B1P4 | 442 | 1 | 0 |
PTPRT | 434 | 0 | 知的障害 paper[58] |
SDK1 | 431 | 2 | 精神(児童虐待) paper[59] |
PARD3B | 430 | 2 | 精神障害 paper[60] |
SLC9B1P1 | 425 | 16 | 0 |
TAS2R14 | 421 | 0 | 0 |
RUNX1 | 420 | 2 |
精神薄弱 paper[61] |
AUTS2 | 420 | 0 | 統合失調症,自閉症スペクトラム症候群 paper[42],[53] |
CSMD3 | 418 | 1 | 自閉症スペクトラム症候群 paper[62] |
NRXN1 | 418 | 1 | 自閉症スペクトラム症候群,統合失調症, paper[35], paper[95] |
LINC00955 | 418 | 7 | 0 |
ZNF385D | 418 | 0 | 統合失調症 paper[63] |
PRKG1 | 417 | 0 | 注意欠如・多動症 paper[64] |
CAMTA1 | 416 | 0 | 一時的記憶能力 paper[65] |
SPAG16 | 414 | 3 | 双極性障害 paper[66] |
TMEM132D | 410 | 0 | パニック障害 paper[67] |
ROBO1 | 409 | 1 | 言語・数学の能力 paper[68] |
GPC6 | 408 | 0 | 自閉症的特性 paper[69] |
NBPF1 | 407 | 14 | 頭の大きさ paper[92] |
LRRTM4 | 406 | 1 | トウレット症候群, 自閉症と注意欠如・多動症 paper[70] |
NOTCH2NL | 405 | 2 | 頭脳サイズ paper[71] |
NCOR1P2 | 402 | 1 | 0(血圧) |
TTC34 | 400 | 3 | 0 |
NKAIN2 | 398 | 1 | 統合失調症 paper[72] |
SMYD3 | 397 | 0 | paper[41] 精神薄弱 |
RPTOR | 395 | 0 | 統合失調症 paper[40] |
AC090044.1 | 394 | 0 | 0 |
OPCML | 390 | 2 | 統合失調症 paper[37] |
SNX29 | 390 | 0 | 教育到達度 paper[5], 自閉症スペクトラム症候群 paper[26] |
NRG1 | 388 | 0 | 注意欠如・多動症 paper[2] 統合失調症 paper[11]paper[87] |
ERBB4 | 387 | 0 | 統合失調症 paper[36] |
ERC2 | 386 | 0 | 自閉症スペクトラム症候群,統合失調症 paper[35] |
NTM | 385 | 0 | IQ paper[34] |
SRGAP2B | 383 | 0 | 脳の発達と進化 (シナプス密度) paper[83] |
SLC9B1P3 | 383 | 3 | 0 |
CNTNAP3B | 379 | 7 | 0 |
GRM7 | 379 | 2 | 双極性障害 paper[33] |
CACNA2D3 | 379 | 0 | 統合失調症 paper[32] |
MIR663A | 376 | 0 | 0 |
SNTG1 | 376 | 0 | アルツハイマー病 paper[84] |
SUMF1 | 374 | 0 | 精神薄弱 paper[31] |
SORCS2 | 373 | 4 | 双極性障害,統合失調症,自閉症スペクトラム症候群 paper[30] |
DMD | 373 | 2 | 0 |
HYDIN | 372 | 2 | 頭の大きさ(小頭症) paper[85] |
DGKB | 372 | 1 | 認知 paper[29] |
NRG3 | 371 | 0 | 統合失調症 paper[28] |
FAM182B | 369 | 13 | 0 |
TEKT4P2 | 368 | 0 | 0 |
DIP2C | 367 | 2 | 精神疾患 paper[27] |
AGBL1 | 366 | 0 | 自閉症スペクトラム症候群 paper[26] |
CDH18 | 364 | 0 | 統合失調症,双極性障害,うつ病 paper[24] |
HERC2P3 | 364 | 0 | 意欠如・多動症 paper[23] |
FRG2C | 363 | 24 | 意欠如・多動症 paper[23] |
TRPM3 | 359 | 0 | 知的障害 paper[22] |
TRAPPC9 | 358 | 0 | 精神薄弱
paper[21] |
ERICH1-AS1 | 357 | 0 | 統合失調症 paper[5] |
DLGAP1 | 355 | 0 | 統合失調症 paper[20] |
HDAC9 | 354 | 0 | 統合失調症 paper[19] |
CTNND2 | 354 | 1 | 知的障害 paper[18] |
CACNA1C | 302 | 1 | 統合失調症 paper[95] |
CACNA1B | 220(# of SNV-35=26) | 1 | 統合失調症 paper[96] |
OR4C5 | 155 | 21 | 統合失調症 paper[90] |
1.疑問の余地が全くないのは、350以上の(変異を有する)SNV-1(韓国人固有のバリアンツ)の大部分が精神疾患、パーソナリティー障害、ヒトの精神に関連を有しているということです。
2.言うまでもなく、忘れてはならない重要なことは、病理遺伝学の論文は多くの場合、多くの論争の的になり疑わしい結果を含んでいるという点です
3.高い教育レベル比率と大きい人口サイズにもかかわらず、韓国には63もの国際的な科学関連学術賞の受賞者がいません。(詳細データはここ)、そして この事実は上記リストと(コインの両面のように)完全に合致します
PRIM2 and snoU13 遺伝子
確かなのは、うつ病に関連している不眠症が韓国で蔓延しており、韓国型不眠症はPRIM2遺伝子とsnoU13遺伝子によって引き起こされていることでしょう
韓国:なぜあまりにも多くの人が眠るために格闘しているのか BBCから
【BBCは形式上は日本のNHKに相当しますが、実質的にはNHKとは完全に異なる世界的な報道機関です。 BBCウェブサイトには日本語版BBCもありますが、上記リンク先記事は日本語版BBCには見当りません. 】
韓国は地球上で最も睡眠阻害的国家の一つである。先進国の中で最も高い自殺率であり、アルコール度数の高い酒の消費量が最多で、膨大な数の人々が抗うつ薬使用している。
ソウルでは、デパート全体が(眠るに適した)完璧なシーツから最適な枕に至るまで睡眠グッズに充てられており、一方、薬局では睡眠療法の薬草と強壮剤の棚が並んでいる。
【BBCは形式上は日本のNHKに相当しますが、実質的にはNHKとは完全に異なる世界的な報道機関です。 BBCウェブサイトには日本語版BBCもありますが、上記リンク先記事は日本語版BBCには見当りません. 】
韓国は地球上で最も睡眠阻害的国家の一つである。先進国の中で最も高い自殺率であり、アルコール度数の高い酒の消費量が最多で、膨大な数の人々が抗うつ薬使用している。
ソウルでは、デパート全体が(眠るに適した)完璧なシーツから最適な枕に至るまで睡眠グッズに充てられており、一方、薬局では睡眠療法の薬草と強壮剤の棚が並んでいる。
CSMD1,CNTNAP2,OR4C5遺伝子とその他遺伝子
CSMD1 gene# of SNVs in SNV-1=1786
# of SNV-1/ns in SNV-1=1
# of SNVs in SNV-35=1
# of SNVs in SNV-35/ns=0
OR4C5 gene
# of SNVs in SNV-1=155
# of SNV-1/ns in SNV-1=21
# of SNVs in SNV-35=49
# of SNVs in SNV-35/ns=11
from additional_file_7 xlsx
1.上記論文には豊富な証拠があり、そして、韓国型統合失調症が韓国人にあるという点は議論の余地はありません。しかしながら、私の知る限り、統合失調症に関し韓国人に固有の症状を示している論文は存在しません
2.他の民族集団に比べて韓国人の統合失調症の有病率が高いと誤解しないでください。むしろ反対です。統合失調症の有病率は、日本人・中国人と同様に韓国人は低いのです
Characteristics of Korean-Americans With Schizophrenia: A Cross-Ethnic Comparison With African-Americans, Latinos, and Euro-Americans
Sung-Woo Bae and John S. Brekke
Schizophrenia Bulletin, Vol. 28, No. 4, 2002
【下記引用の重要な点のみを日本語で書いておきます。
統合失調症のサンプルは入院患者ではなく、通院患者であり、韓国系アメリカ人 40人、ヨーロッパ系アメリカ人 95人、アフリカ系アメリカ人 60人、ラテン系28人。
調査は面談形式で行われた
韓国系アメリカ人の統合失調症患者の症状レベルと臨床状態は、他の民族グループと高度に同様であった(赤字部分)】
[引用された]
Data on 223 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia who were Korean-American (« = 40), Euro-American (« = 95), African-American (n = 60), and Latino (n = 28) were gathered in face-to-face interviews. All of the subjects were engaged in outpatient treatment. After controlling for sociodemographic variables, the main findings were as follows: (1) while the Korean-Americans were the least acculturated, their symptom levels and clinical status were highly comparable with those of the other ethnic groups; (2) based on living situation, family contact, social functioning, activities of daily living, and vocational data, the Korean-Americans showed a stronger familial orientation, lower social initiation, and higher affiliative qualities than other groups; (3) the Korean-American sample had comparable levels of self-esteem but reported lower satisfaction with life than the other ethnic groups. Minority status did not confound these findings. It is concluded that the psychosocial profile of the Korean-Americans was strongly influenced by their traditional and collectivistic cultural orientation.
Sung-Woo Bae and John S. Brekke
Schizophrenia Bulletin, Vol. 28, No. 4, 2002
【下記引用の重要な点のみを日本語で書いておきます。
統合失調症のサンプルは入院患者ではなく、通院患者であり、韓国系アメリカ人 40人、ヨーロッパ系アメリカ人 95人、アフリカ系アメリカ人 60人、ラテン系28人。
調査は面談形式で行われた
韓国系アメリカ人の統合失調症患者の症状レベルと臨床状態は、他の民族グループと高度に同様であった(赤字部分)】
[引用された]
Data on 223 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia who were Korean-American (« = 40), Euro-American (« = 95), African-American (n = 60), and Latino (n = 28) were gathered in face-to-face interviews. All of the subjects were engaged in outpatient treatment. After controlling for sociodemographic variables, the main findings were as follows: (1) while the Korean-Americans were the least acculturated, their symptom levels and clinical status were highly comparable with those of the other ethnic groups; (2) based on living situation, family contact, social functioning, activities of daily living, and vocational data, the Korean-Americans showed a stronger familial orientation, lower social initiation, and higher affiliative qualities than other groups; (3) the Korean-American sample had comparable levels of self-esteem but reported lower satisfaction with life than the other ethnic groups. Minority status did not confound these findings. It is concluded that the psychosocial profile of the Korean-Americans was strongly influenced by their traditional and collectivistic cultural orientation.
PDE4DIPとZNF717 遺伝子
これらの遺伝子は、韓国人の人格(即ち気質と性格)を決定している決定的な遺伝子でしょうPDE4DIP 遺伝子
# of SNVs in SNV-1=1374
# of SNV-1/ns in SNV-1=138
# of SNVs in SNV-35=14
# of SNVs in SNV-35/ns=3
ZNF717 遺伝子
# of SNVs in SNV-1=856
# of SNV-1/ns in SNV-1=28
# of SNVs in SNV-35=3
# of SNVs in SNV-35/ns=0
from additional_file_7 xlsx
Extensive genomic and transcriptional diversity identified
through massively parallel DNA and RNA sequencing of
eighteen Korean individuals
Young Seok Ju et al.
Nature Genetics VOLUME 43 | NUMBER 8 | AUGUST 2011
[cited] i HapMapプロジェクトにおけるヨーロッパ人やアフリカ人をはじめとする他の集団と比較して、韓国人は、非同義一塩基多型が顕著に高い対立遺伝子頻度を示していた
【以下、翻訳は省略しますが、この論文では非同義変異の多い遺伝子をスーパー遺伝子と名付けています 】
We found a subset of genes to be highly enriched for nsSNPs, here called super nsSNP genes (Supplementary Table 8 and Supplementary Note). For example, ZNF717 and CDC27 showed ~100 times increased density of nsSNPs compared to other genes (Table 2).
paper[4]
Association between SNPs and gene expression in multiple regions of the human brain
S Kim et al,
Nature Published: 08 May 2012
[cited]
We identified cis associations between 648 transcripts and 6725 SNPs in the various brain regions. Several SNPs showed brain regional-specific associations. The expression level of only one gene, PDE4DIP, was associated with a SNP, rs12124527, in all the brain regions tested here.
In this study, we conducted an eQTL analysis of 315 440 transcripts in 5 different brain regions from two different tissue collections and identified cis associations between 648 transcripts and 6725 SNPs. The expression of one gene, PDE4DIP, was associated with one SNP, rs12124527, in all brain regions examined.
Young Seok Ju et al.
Nature Genetics VOLUME 43 | NUMBER 8 | AUGUST 2011
[cited] i HapMapプロジェクトにおけるヨーロッパ人やアフリカ人をはじめとする他の集団と比較して、韓国人は、非同義一塩基多型が顕著に高い対立遺伝子頻度を示していた
【以下、翻訳は省略しますが、この論文では非同義変異の多い遺伝子をスーパー遺伝子と名付けています 】
We found a subset of genes to be highly enriched for nsSNPs, here called super nsSNP genes (Supplementary Table 8 and Supplementary Note). For example, ZNF717 and CDC27 showed ~100 times increased density of nsSNPs compared to other genes (Table 2).
paper[4]
Association between SNPs and gene expression in multiple regions of the human brain
S Kim et al,
Nature Published: 08 May 2012
[cited]
We identified cis associations between 648 transcripts and 6725 SNPs in the various brain regions. Several SNPs showed brain regional-specific associations. The expression level of only one gene, PDE4DIP, was associated with a SNP, rs12124527, in all the brain regions tested here.
In this study, we conducted an eQTL analysis of 315 440 transcripts in 5 different brain regions from two different tissue collections and identified cis associations between 648 transcripts and 6725 SNPs. The expression of one gene, PDE4DIP, was associated with one SNP, rs12124527, in all brain regions examined.
Genome-wide association meta-analysis in 269,867 individuals identifies new genetic and functional links to intelligence
Jeanne E Savage et al.
Published online 2018 Nature genetics
私の知る限り、上記論文は知性に関連する遺伝子についての最も包括的な論文であり、補足資料は知性に関連する遺伝子リストを含んでいます
上記論文とSNV-1(=韓国人のみのバリアンツ)との比較結果
compare.xlsx
知性関連遺伝子リスト中のSNV-1の比率
compare2.xlsx
知性関連遺伝子リスト中の非同義SNV-1の比率
compare2.xlsx
SNV-1比率に関する検証
驚くべきことに、ほとんど全てのSNV-1は、知性と関連している、具体的に言えば、上記論文によって特定された知性に関連する507遺伝子中の496遺伝子(97.8%)はSNV-1であった
【SNV-1=韓国人のみのバリアンツ=35名の韓国人の少なくとも1名にSNV(一塩基バリアンツ)として検出されたが、HapMap 又は 1KGP のいずれにおいても含まれないもの】
韓国人には全63の国際的な科学関連学術賞の受賞者がいないという事実とこの事実は完全に合致します、そして韓国人は知性において非常に特異か又は異常です。 多分、あなたは韓国人の知性は中国人・日本人と全く異ならないと思っていることでしょう。 しかしながら疑問の余地がないのは、遺伝学論文が韓国人は知性において中国人・日本人と完全に異なるということを示しているという点です
地理的近接性にもかかわらず、何故そのような奇妙な現象が生じているのか? 実は、13世紀に ボトルネック効果 が朝鮮半島でチンギスハンとその息子たちの侵略によって生じていました
私が推定するのは、朝鮮半島の人口は13世紀に85%~90%減少したという点です(機械翻訳を利用してこの記事を読んでください。 中国人研究者は同じ時期に隣接する遼寧省の人口が90%減少したと見積もっています)
多分、次のフレーズが次の30年以内に世界に広がるでしょう
あなたは韓国人のように頭おかしい【=精神的にまともじゃない】
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Nature. April 6, 2022
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Nature Published: 29 July 2021
[cited from the above paper]
Here, we aimed to identify genetic overlaps at the gene level between 7 mental disorders (schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, major depressive disorder, anorexia nervosa, ADHD, bipolar disorder and anxiety), 8 brain morphometric traits, 2 cognitive traits (educational attainment and general cognitive function) and 9 personality traits (subjective well-being, depressive symptoms, neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness, children’s aggressive behaviour, loneliness) based on publicly available GWASs.
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[cited from the above paper]
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[cited from above paper]
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Genetic Basis of a Cognitive Complexity Metric
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[cited from the above paper] Abstract
Relational complexity (RC) is a metric reflecting capacity limitation in relational processing. It plays a crucial role in higher cognitive processes and is an endophenotype for several disorders. However, the genetic underpinnings of complex relational processing have not been investigated. Using the classical twin model, we estimated the heritability of RC and genetic overlap with intelligence (IQ), reasoning, and working memory in a twin and sibling sample aged 15-29 years (N = 787). Further, in an exploratory search for genetic loci contributing to RC, we examined associated genetic markers and genes in our Discovery sample and selected loci for replication in four independent samples (ALSPAC, LBC1936, NTR, NCNG), followed by meta-analysis (N>6500) at the single marker level. Twin modelling showed RC is highly heritable (67%), has considerable genetic overlap with IQ (59%), and is a major component of genetic covariation between reasoning and working memory (72%). At the molecular level, we found preliminary support for four single-marker loci (one in the gene DGKB), and at a gene-based level for the NPS gene, having influence on cognition. These results indicate that genetic sources influencing relational processing are a key component of the genetic architecture of broader cognitive abilities. Further, they suggest a genetic cascade, whereby genetic factors influencing capacity limitation in relational processing have a flow-on effect to more complex cognitive traits, including reasoning and working memory, and ultimately, IQ.
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[cited from the above paper] Twenty-two of the DMRs identified were within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC; Fig. 3), which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of SZ through a large-scale GWAS.16 In addition, we identified DMRs within two additional genes (IGSF9B, CNTN4) that showed genome-wide association with SZ in the same study.
Two additional DMRs were identified within genes associated with SZ at the genome-wide significant level by the SZ Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC).16 These were within the genes IGSF9B and CNTN4, both of which function as cell adhesion molecules. Two large-scale epigenome-wide association studies of SZ have recently been reported.12,13 These studies reported significant differential methylation in RPTOR: a gene in which we identified a DMR. RPTOR is a key component of mTOR signalling, which has been implicated in synaptic plasticity.36
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Genetic underpinnings of affective temperaments: a pilot GWAS investigation identifies a new genome-wide significant SNP for anxious temperament in ADGRB3 gene Xenia Gonda et al. Nature Published: 01 June 2021
[cited from above paper] Suggestively significant findings in SNP-based tests for depressive temperament
In case of depressive temperament, genome-wide SNP-based tests yielded a genomic inflation factor of λ = 1.00172. For the QQ plot, see Supplementary Fig. S3. No SNP survived Bonferroni correction for multiple testing, but five SNPs showed a suggestive significance, one of which resides in the SGCZ gene, whereas the rest are intergenic (Fig. 2 I-C and Table 1).
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Identification of novel genome-wide associations for suicidality in UK Biobank, genetic correlation with psychiatric disorders and polygenic association with completed suicide
Rona J.Strawbridge
March 2019
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Genetic Dissection of Temperament Personality Traits in Italian Isolates
Maria Pina Concas et al.
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Hippocampal overexpression of NOS1AP promotes endophenotypes related to mental disorders
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Genetic mapping of habitual substance use, obesity-related traits, responses to mental and physical stress, and heart rate and blood pressure measurements reveals shared genes that are overrepresented in the neural synapse
Majid Nikpay
Nature Published: 02 February 2012
[cited]
Links between substance use habits, obesity, stress and the related cardiovascular outcomes can be, in part, because of loci with pleiotropic effects. To investigate this hypothesis, we performed genome-wide mapping in 119 multigenerational families from a population in the Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean region with a known founder effect using 58 000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and 437 microsatellite markers to identify genetic components of the following factors: habitual alcohol, tobacco and coffee use; response to mental and physical stress; obesity-related traits; and heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) measures. Habitual alcohol and/or tobacco users had attenuated HR responses to mental stress compared with non-users, whereas hypertensive individuals had stronger HR and systolic BP responses to mental stress and a higher obesity index than normotensives. Genetic mappings uncovered numerous shared genes among substance use, stress response, obesity and hemodynamic traits, including CAMK4, CNTN4, DLG2, FHIT, GRID2, ITPR2, NOVA1 and PRKCE, forming network of interacting proteins, sharing synaptic function and display higher and patterned expression profiles in brain-related tissues; moreover, pathway analysis of shared genes pointed to long-term potentiation.
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The tumour suppressor gene WWOX is mutated in autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia with epilepsy and mental retardation
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[cited from the above paper]
OR4C5 is a gene predicted by GDI to be highly damaging.
[notes]
# of SNVs in SNV-1/ns is 21.
"# of SNVs in SNV-35/ns" is 11.
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